currency futures and options markets chapter 8. 2 part i.futures contracts 外 幣期貨合約...

48
Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8

Post on 21-Dec-2015

258 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

Currency Futures and Options Markets

Chapter 8

Page 2: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

2

PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外幣期貨合約 I. CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約

A. Background1. Long history2. Extremely volatile due to

information driven nature3. Price Discovery Role

Page 3: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

3

FUTURES CONTRACTS

1972: Chicago Mercantile Exchange opens the International Monetary Market (IMM).

Purpose:

Page 4: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

4

FUTURES CONTRACTS

2. IMM provides

a. an outlet for hedging currency

risk with futures contracts.

Definition:

contracts written requiring a standard quantity of an

available currency at a fixed exchange rate at a set delivery date.

Page 5: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

5

FUTURES CONTRACTS

b. Available Futures Currencies/Contract Size:

1.) British pound / 62,500

2.) Canadian dollar /100,000

3.) Euro / 125,000

4.) Swiss franc / 125,0005.) Japanese yen / 12.5 million

6.) Mexican peso / 500,000

7.) Australian dollar / 100,000

Page 6: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

6

FUTURES CONTRACTS

c. Transaction costs:

commission payment to a floor trader

d. Leverage is high1.) Initial margin required is

relatively low (less than 2% of contract value).

Page 7: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

7

FUTURES CONTRACTS: SAFEGUARDS

e. Maximum price movements

1.) Contracts set to a daily price limit restricting maximum daily price

movements.

2.) If limit is reached, a margin call may be necessary to

maintain a minimum margin.

Page 8: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

8

FUTURES CONTRACTS

g. Global futures exchanges:1.) I.M.M. International Monetary Market2.) L.I.F.F.E.London International

Financial Futures Exchange3.) C.B.O.T. Chicago Board of Trade4.) S.I.M.E.X.Singapore International

Monetary Exchange5.) D.T.B. Deutsche Termin Bourse6.) H.K.F.E. Hong Kong Futures

Exchange

Page 9: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

9

外幣期貨合約 1/2

針對特定數量的某一特定貨幣所設計的合約。匯率是在合約買賣當時所決定的。鼓勵私人參與。交割日是由交易所決定。財務槓桿很高:所需的保證金平均低於期貨契約

價值的 2% 。交易員在期貨市場是賺取佣金費用。

Page 10: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

10

外幣期貨合約 2/2

圖表 8.1 外幣期貨合約規格

Page 11: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

11

全球重要外幣期貨交易所 1/2

芝加哥商品交易所 (CME)

倫敦國際金融期貨交易所 (LIFFE)

芝加哥交易所 (CBOT)

紐約商品交易所 (NYME)

費城股票交易所 (PHLX)

新加坡國際貨幣交易所 (SIMEX)

Page 12: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

12

全球重要外幣期貨交易所 2/2

法蘭克福的德國期貨交易所 (DTB)

香港期貨交易所 (HKFE)

巴黎的金融工具暨期貨交易所 (MATIF)

東京國際金融期貨交易所 (TIFFE)

Page 13: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

13

FUTURES CONTRACTS

B. Forward vs. Futures ContractsBasic differences:1. Trading Locations 6. Quotes

2. Regulation 7. Margins3. Frequency of 8. Credit risk delivery 4. Size of contract 5. Transaction Costs

Page 14: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

14

FUTURES CONTRACTS

Advantages of futures:1.) Easy liquidation

2.) Well- organized and

stable market.

Disadvantages of futures:1.) Limited to 7 currencies

2.) Limited dates of

delivery

3.) Rigid contract sizes.

Page 15: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

15

期貨合約術語 1/6

保證金 ( 現在 CME 稱之為「履約保證」(performance bond)) , 原始保證金 (performance bond ,以前稱之為 initial

margin) 是指要從事交易時帳戶餘額上所需具備的金額

維持保證金 (maintenance performance bond ,以前稱之為 maintenance margin)

追繳保證金 (performance bond call ,以前稱之為margin call)

Page 16: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

16

期貨合約術語 3/6

市價結算 (marking to market)期貨的利潤及損失是在每天的交易結束時支付的。

平倉期貨合約也可以輕易地運用抵銷交易 (offsetting

trade) 來結清部位。

Page 17: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

17

期貨合約術語 4/6

圖表 8.3 遠期合約及期貨合約的主要差異

Page 18: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

18

期貨合約術語 5/6

圖表 8.3 遠期合約及期貨合約的主要差異 ( 續 )

Page 19: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

19

期貨合約術語 6/6

圖表 8.3 遠期合約及期貨合約的主要差異 ( 續 )

Page 20: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

20

期貨合約的優缺點 1/2

優點:容易變現市場較有組織且穩定

缺點:幣別有限到期日的有限只能以固定的外幣金額來進行交割

Page 21: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

21

期貨合約的優缺點 2/2

主要是對擁有相當穩定及持續的外幣收支現金流量之商業客戶才有價值。

就英鎊、加幣、德國馬克、瑞士法郎和日圓的實際匯率而言,其遠期合約與期貨的價格差異並不顯著。

Page 22: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

CURRENCY OPTIONS

PART II

Page 23: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

23

CURRENCY OPTIONS

I. OPTIONS

A. Currency options 1. Offer another method to

hedge exchange rate risk.

2. First offered on PhiladelphiaExchange (PHLX).

3. Fastest growing segment ofthe hedge markets.

Page 24: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

24

CURRENCY OPTIONS

Buyers Sellers=Writers

Buy Sell Buy Sell

CALL

PUT

Premium

Page 25: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

25

CURRENCY OPTIONS

4. Definition:

A contract from a writer ( the seller) that gives the right not the obligation to the holder (the buyer) to buy or

sell a standard amount of an available currency at a fixed exchange rate for

a fixed time period.

Page 26: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

26

CURRENCY OPTIONS

5. Expiration Dates of Currency Options:

a. American

Exercise date may occur any time up to the expiration date.

b. European

Exercise date occurs only at the

expiration date and not before.

Page 27: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

27

CURRENCY OPTIONS

7. Exercise Price

a. Sometimes known as the

strike price.

b. The exchange rate at which the option holder can buy or sell the contracted currency.

Page 28: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

28

CURRENCY OPTIONS

c. Types of Currency Options:

1.) Calls

2.) Puts

Page 29: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

29

CURRENCY OPTIONS

8. Status of an optiona. In-the-money

Call: Spot > strikePut: Spot < strike

b. Out-of-the-moneyCall: Spot < strikePut: Spot > strike

c. At-the-moneySpot = the strike

Page 30: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

30

CURRENCY OPTIONS

9. What is the premium?

- The price of an option that the writer charges the buyer.

B. Why Use Currency Options?

1. For the firm hedging foreign exchange risk with Future event is very uncertain gains.

Page 31: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

31

CURRENCY OPTIONS

2. For speculators

- profit from favorable exchange rate changes.

Page 32: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

32

CURRENCY OPTIONS

C. Using Forward or Futures Contracts

Forward or futures contracts aremore suitable for hedging a

known amount of foreign currency flow.

Page 33: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

33

Options Sample Problems

Ford buys a French put option (contract size: FF250,000) at a premium of $.01/FF. If the exercise price is $.21 and the spot at expiration is $.216, what is Ford’s profit (loss)?

Page 34: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

34

選擇權 (options) 1/8

選擇權是一項金融工具,它賦與了持有者一項權利,但不是義務,在到期日時可依設定的價格去買進或賣出合約所指定的另一項金融工具。

在買方要求時,賣權或買權的賣方必須履行合約。買權 (call option) 給予客戶一個買的權利,而賣

權 (put options) 則給客戶一個賣的權利。

Page 35: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

35

選擇權 (options) 2/8

美式選擇權 (American option) 在到期日之前的任何時間都可以執行,而歐式選擇權 (European option) 只有在到期日當天才可以行使權利。

價內 (in-the-money) 選擇權若以現行匯率履約會有利潤時,稱為價內 (in-

the-money) 。若以現行匯率履約無法獲利時,則稱為價外 (out-of-

the money) 。選擇權的執行價格等於即期匯率時,則稱為價平 (at-

the-money) 。

Page 36: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

36

選擇權 (options) 3/8

圖表 8.4 買進買權在到期時各種不同即期價格下的利潤

Page 37: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

37

選擇權 (options) 4/8

圖表 8.5 賣出買權在到期時各種不同即期價格下的利潤

Page 38: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

38

選擇權 (options) 5/8

圖表 8.6 買進賣權在到期各種不同即期匯率下的利潤

Page 39: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

39

選擇權 (options) 6/8

圖表 8.7 賣出賣權到期時各種不同即期匯率下的利潤

Page 40: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

40

選擇權 (options) 7/8

圖表 8.8 外幣價差策略

Page 41: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

41

選擇權 (options) 8/8

圖表 8.8 外幣價差策略 ( 續 )

Page 42: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

42

選擇權的訂價與評價 1/2

圖表 8.9 買權在到期前的價值

Page 43: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

43

選擇權的訂價與評價 2/2

圖表 8.10 貨幣選擇權訂價與價值

Page 44: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

44

市場結構 (1) 1/3

交易所交易的選擇權 (exchange-traded options)或上市選擇權 (listed options) 都是標準化的合約:事先決定執行價格。標準的到期日及固定到期日。

第一個在交易所交易的外幣選擇權出現在 1983年,是由費城股票交易所 (Philadelphia Stock Exchange, PHLX) 所提供

Page 45: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

45

市場結構 (1) 2/3

PHLX 的聯合外幣選擇權市場, UCOM 基本合約: 6種貨幣的外幣選擇權-澳幣、英鎊、

加拿大元、歐元、日圓、和瑞士法郎。 提供€ /¥及£ /€兩種交叉匯率選擇權。月底選擇權 (以 EOM 或 end of month掛牌表示 )

和長期選擇權。

Page 46: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

46

市場結構 (1) 3/3

虛擬外幣選擇權 (virtual currency option)也叫 3-D(dollar-denominated delivery ,美元計價交割 )

以美元來結算。提供客製化外幣合約選擇權。

Page 47: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

47

市場結構 (2)

店頭市場 (over-the-counter, OTC) 選擇權店頭市場的活動集中在倫敦和紐約二個部門

零售市場 (retail market) :非銀行顧客,向銀行購買選擇權。批發市場 (wholesale market) ,由商業銀行,投資銀行和專業貿易公司組成。

合約通常依顧客所要求的數額、執行價格、到期日與貨幣種類加以定製。

Page 48: Currency Futures and Options Markets Chapter 8. 2 PART I.FUTURES CONTRACTS 外 幣期貨合約 I.CURRENCY FUTURES 外幣期貨合約 A.Background 1.Long history 2.Extremely volatile

48

期貨選擇權期貨選擇權 (futures option)

1984 年 1月, CME引進 履約時:假如期貨買權合約被執行,持有者會收到標的期貨

合約之長部位加上現在期貨價格減去執行價格的現金數額。假如期貨賣權被執行,持有者會收到期貨合約的短

部位加上執行價減去現在期貨價格的現金數額。