theathensid issue 4 2008
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TheAthensID Issue 4 2008TRANSCRIPT
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The concept and measurement of poverty 1 David Gordon
1975
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1 [10]
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1984 :3
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TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [462]
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1970.
.
: 1920, Ernest Bevin,
(
Attlee, 1946-1951)
Sir Arthur Bowley
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bacon,
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Grusky Kanbur6 ,
1970
.
(1970 80)
(index
wars)
.
6 [11]
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [463]
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. Akerlof Stiglitz7
, underclass,
(equilibria)
.
,
:
.
(1970- 80), Grusky Kanbur,
(class analysis)
underclass8. Grusky Kanbur:
, underclass,
.
underclass
.
7 The market for lemons: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism, Quarterly Joyrnal of Economics 90: pp 475-498, 1970 Approaches to the economics of discrimination, American Economic Review 62: pp 287-295, 1973 . 8 Social Theory and the Concept Underclass, W.J Wilson ( [24] ), .
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3.
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( 2000 )
(behavioral economics)
(rational)
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Shafir:9
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9 [2]
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.
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Bourguinion10
.
Human Development Index,
, . HDI
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R. Chambers What is poverty? Who Asks? Who Answers?
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10 [4] 11 [5]
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [467]
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(
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Sen12 (capability
approach).
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13.
d)
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e)
. (Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey
[10] ).
12 [20] , [26] 13 Amartya Sen, 128, [26] 14 Martha C. Nussbaum [14]
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [468]
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D.Townsend15 What is Poverty? A historical perspective16
:
A. The subsistence idea
.
B. Basic Needs ( ):
,
.
C. Relative Deprivation ( ):
Townsend
.
.
,
.
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15 , [21] 16 [21]
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [469]
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3.1 (Headcount
ratio)
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Thorbecke,
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=0 headcount ratio =1
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y1< y2
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3. Impartiality Axiom:
,
.
4. Weak Upper Transfer Axiom:
.
5. Strong Upper Transfer Axiom:
.
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, .
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.
33
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World Development Report 1990
33
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1985 1993
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1. 1987-1998
1987 1990 1993 1998
1197 29,7%
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1321 28,5%
1214 24,3%
Sala-i-
Martin17
390 8,8%
400 8,6%
371 7,6%
353 6,7%
Pogge
Reddy18
1640 32,2%
: www.worldbank.org/research/povmonitor Sala-i-
Martin Pogge-Reddy [19] [15].
4. ,
Halving Global Poverty19 T.Besley R.Burgess
17 [19] 18 [15] 19 [3]
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [476]
-
[: ]
[ ]
(
).
i- (headcount ratio)
t it.
2.
2. 1990-2015.
-0,73 -1,00 -1,14 -0,73 -0,72 -0,59 -0,49
2015
3,8% 2,7% 2,4% 3,8% 3,8% 4,7% 5,6%
1960-1990 1,7% 3,3% 2,0% 1,3% 4,3% 1,9% 0,2%
2015
95% 70% 61% 94% 95% 117% 141%
: [3] .
,
.
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [477]
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Millennium Development Goal
2015
.
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,
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:
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.
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.
5.
.
.
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [478]
-
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21 :
. ,
,
,
.
1. Atkinson A. B., On the measurement of poverty, Econometrica,
Volume 55, No 4 , July 1987 pp 749-764.
2. Bertrand M., Mullainathan S., Shafir E., A behavioral-economics
view of poverty, American Economic Review, Volume 94, No 2, pp
419-423, 2004.
3. Besley T., Burgess R., Halving Global Poverty, Journal of
Economic Perspectives, Volume 17, Number 3, summer 2003, p. 3-22.
4. Bourguinion Fr., From income to endowments: the difficult task of
expanding the income poverty paradigm,
Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University Press, 2006.
5. Chambers Robert, What is poverty? Who asks? Who answers?,
Poverty in Focus, International Poverty Centre, United Nations
Development Program, 2006.
6. EEC, Final report from the Commission to the Council on the first
program of pilot schemes and studies to combat poverty, Brussels,
1981.
7. EEC, On specific Community Actions to combat poverty (Council
Decision of 19 December 1984) 85/8/EEC, Official Journal of the EEC,
2/24.
8. Foster James, E., Absolute versus relative poverty, The American
Economic Review, Volume 88, N.2, Papers and proccedings of the
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [479]
-
[: ]
[ ]
hundred and tenth annual meeting of the American Economic
Association, May 1998 pp 335-341.
9. Foster James, Greer Joel Thorbecke Erik, A class of decomposable
poverty measures, Econometrica, Volume 52, No 3 , May 1984 pp
761-766.
10. Gordon, D., The consept and measurement of poverty,
Poverty and social exclusion in Britain, The Polity
Press, 2006.
11. Grusky D.B, Kanbur R. The conceptual foundations of poverty and
inequality measurement, Poverty and
Inequality, Stanford University Press, 2006.
12. Kakwani Nanak, New global poverty counts, Asian Development
Review, Volume 24, No 2, pp 17-36, 2007.
13. Kaplinsky Raphael, Globalization, poverty and inequality, The Polity
Press, 2005.
14. Nussbaum, Martha C., Poverty and human functioning: capabilities as
fundamental entitlements, Poverty and
Inequality, Stanford University Press, 2006.
15. Pogge T.W. Reddy S.G, How not to count the poor,
: www.socialanalysis.org, 2002.
16. Ravallion Martin Lipton Michael, Poverty and Policy, Policy
Research Working Paper, The World Bank, 1993`.
17. Ravallion Martin, Growth, inequality and poverty: looking beyond
averages, Policy Research Working Paper, The World Bank, 2001.
18. Ravallion Martin, Pro-poor growth: a Primer, Policy Research Working
Paper, The World Bank, 2004.
19. Sala-i-Martin Xavier, The world distribution of income: falling poverty
and convergence period, (available as draft, October 2005).
20. Sen, Amartya Conceptualizing and measuring poverty,
Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University Press,
2006.
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [480]
-
[: ]
[ ]
21. Townsend Peter, What is poverty? An historical perspective, Poverty
in Focus, International Poverty Centre, United Nations Development
Program, 2006.
22. UN (United Nations), The Copenhagen declaration and program of
action, World Summit for Social Development,6-12 March 1995, New
York, 1995.
23. UNU/WIDER, (edited by: Giovanni A. Cornia), Inequality, Growth and
poverty in an era of liberalization and globaliazation, Oxford University
Press,2004.
24. Wilson, William J., Social theory and the concept of underclass,
Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University Press,
2006.
25. World Bank, World Development indicators 1990, Oxford University
Press , 1990.
26. , , , 2006.
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [481]
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1 Rana Foroohar, The Biggest Crisis of All, Newsweek May 19, 2008, p. 25. , 2 , 1 , 50 cents . 1 1 1,5 1 2 , The new face of Hunger, The Economist, April 17th 2008, http://www.economist.com/world/international/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=11049284 2 Joachim von Braun, The World Food Situation, International Food Policy Research Institute, December 2007, p. 1, http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpr/pr18.pdf
TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [483]
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3 Laetitia Clavreul, Agriculture. Des denres alimentaires de plus en plus chres, Le Monde. Bilan du Monde 2008, p. 14. 4 Chris McGreal, Egypt: bread shortages, hunger and unrest, The Guardian, May 27 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/may/27/food.egypt/print
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5 Anthony Faiola, The new Economics of Hunger, Washington Post, April 27, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR200804260204, Mahabub Hossain, A Balancing Act, Rice Today April-June 2007, http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/37.pdf .
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8 Joachim von Braun, The World Food Situation, International Food Policy Research Institute, .., pp. 7-10. 9 Mark W. Rosegrant, Biofuels and Grain Prices: Impacts and Policy Responses, International Food Policy Research Institure, May 7 2008, http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/testimony/rosegrant20080507.pdf 10 Martin Wolf, Food crisis is a chance to reform global agriculture, Financial Times, April 29, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2e5b2f36-1608-11dd-880a-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=a95563 lan Beattie, As food costs rise, farmers cling to their subsidies, Financial Times, May 13, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/53e2f408-2109-11dd-a0e6-000077b07658,dwp_uuid=a95563 11 Ribeirao Preto, Biofuels in Brazil. Lean, green and not mean, The Economist, June 26th 2008, http://www.economist.com/world/la/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=11632886
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TheAthensID / 4, - 2008 [492]
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Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias Colombianas (FARC),
18.000 ,
Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional (ELN)
12.000 , -
AUC 1990,
-
..-, ,
, , ...
31 Winifred Tate, Paramilitaries in Colombia, pp.166-168, http://www.watsoninstitute.org/bjwa/archive/8.1/Essays/Tate.pdf, Dirk Kruijt/ Kees Koonings, Colombia: a paradoxical state, Fride/Comment, January 2008, http://www.fride.org/download/COM_Colombia_Paradoxical_State_Eng_ene08.pdf
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-
[ ;]
[ ]
( FARC) 32.
,
, -
.
.
FARC
, ..
, (
) ( Meta
Guaviare), FARC
,
-.
, 1980,
, FARC,
, .
.
1980, ,
.
. 1983 1989,
(
),
. cartels
1990,
32 Monica Serrano, .., p.8, Jos Natanson, Une guerre qui dure depuis 1964, Dans la Jungle des FARC, Courrier International No 898, 17-23 Janvier 2008, p.26.
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-
[ ;]
[ ]
Huallaga
(
), ,
1999, 66%
. ,
33.
FARC, 1980 80%
.
7 10%
, gramaje, ,
,
.
, 1982, 6 FARC,
,
. FARC,
,
,
34.
33 Literature Review on upper level drug trafficking, Home Office Online Report 22/05, by Nicholas Dorn and Leslie King, .., p. 33 Iban de Rementeria, .. 34 FARC , , , , Alain Labrousse, .., p. 97. 6 Alain Labrousse, Colombie: le role de la drogue dans l extension territoriale des FARC-EP (1978-2002), rodote Nr 112 Gopolitique des Drogues, pp. 33-35 Monica Serrano, .., p. 9.
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[ ;]
[ ]
FARC,
,
.
1990.
Las Delicias 30 1996,
60 (
2000), Patascoy 21
1997, 28 (
),
Mit 1 3 1998,
61 ,
FARC,
35.
Pastrana
55.000 - -
Cagun, , ,
de facto FARC, ,
Pastrana
.
FARC ,
(chichipatos),
,
36.
35 Une gurilla en perte de vitesse, Dans la Jungle des FARC, Courrier International No 898, 17-23 Janvier 2008, p. 29. 36 Alain Labrousse, Colombie: le role de la drogue dans l extension territoriale des FARC-EP (1978-2002), .., pp. 35-39.
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[ ;]
[ ]
FARC
,
,
Uribe ,
(
) Justicia y Paz
M-19, 1990,
FARC ,
: FARC
, ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, 37.
,
,
(
)
-
,
. ,
, 1970
, .
-
37 Jos Natanson, .., p. 27.
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-
[ ;]
[ ]
.
(- ).
,
,
, .
,
,
, .
50.000 ,
0,25 1,5
.
1960
Belaude Terry (1963-1968)
, 1968 ,
,
( Huallaga purmac)38.
1980
Sendero
Luminoso, - Tupac
Amaru (MRTA)
.
38 Alain Labrousse, Gopolitique des drogues, .., p.14.
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-
[ ;]
[ ]
Sendero Luminoso (
)
,
:
(
), ,
Huallaga 1991
3.000 7.000
( 600 ),
,
39.
-
DECAS
(Defensa Civil Antisubversiva) rondas campesinas
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
40.
o 1990 Fujimori
. Fujimori -
39 Mark S. Steinitz, The Terrorism and Drug Connection in Latin Americas Andean Region, Policy Papers on the Americas, Volume XIII, Study 5, July 2002, http://www.revistainterforum.com/english/pdf_en/pp_steinitz.pdf 40 Mark S. Steinitz, .. Annah Durand Guevara, El movimiento cocalero y su (in)existencia en el Per. Itinerario de desencuentros en el ro Apurmac, Bulletin de lInstitut Franais d tudes Andines 2005, 34(1) pp. 110 http://www.ifeanet.org/publicaciones/boletines/34(1)/103.pdf
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[ ]
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, ,
Montesinos (
Fujimori Montesinos, ,
)41
Confederacin Nacional de Productores Agropecuarios de
las Cuencas Cocaleras del Per,
( DEVIDA).
,
- cartels Medellin
Cali,
,
cartels
42.
. Yungas
Aymara Inca43,
,
41 Carolina Navarette- Fras y Francisco E. Thoumi, Drogas ilegales y derechos humanos de campesinos y comunidades indgenas, .., pp. 24-25. 42 Carolina Navarette- Fras y Francisco E. Thoumi, .., p. 23. 43 H Chapare Cochabamba.
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[ ]
Potos. 1952
- ,
, 1008
12.000 44.
H , ,
1952,
,
1970
, ,
1964.
.
, ,
.
1974 ( )
(campesinos).
( Tiwanaku 1974),
aymara
.
kataristas (
44 Caroline S. Conzelman, Yungas Coca Growers seek industrialization of Coca but split on its legalization, http://ain-bolivia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=28
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La Paz 1781 Julin Apaza
Tupac Katari)
, ,
Felipe Quispe
- ,
1994.
- :
, ,
45.
46,
, cocaleros,
,
,
Evo Morales, o
Chapare.
cocaleros
, de facto
. Hugo
Banzer (1971-1978)
Santa Cruz ,
,
. 1971
1978 4.000 45 George Gray Molina, Ethnic Politics in Bolivia: Harmony of Inequalities, 1900-2000, January 17 2005, http://hdr.undp.org/docs/events/global_forum/2005/papers/George_Gray_Molina.pdf 46 quechuas aymara (La Paz, Oruro), , A.L.Spedding, The Cocalero Movement and Drug Policy in Bolivia, Drugs and Conflict No 10, April 2004: Cocalero Movements in Peru and Bolivia. Coca or Death?, http://www.tni.org/detail_pub.phtml?&know_id=87&menu=11d
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[ ]
10.000. - Garca Meza (1980-1981)
, 1990 50.000
47. Banzer
1997 ,
Dignity (Plan Dignidad),
.
.
,
cocaleros-Evo Morales--
,
, . ,
,
cocaleros :
Yungas
,
Chapare,
48.
Evo
Morales
.
.
.
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[ ;]
[ ]
.
: .
.
,
- ,
,
, P2
Moon,
49
Stroessner (1954-1989)
,
.
,
;
H
- -
, 90%
( 2006). .
,
. transit 1980 1990
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[ ;]
[ ]
50.
(
) ,
, (top- down)
,
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, cartels.
,
,
,
,
(
)
51.
A .
.
,
(
Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango Sinaloa). To
,
. San
Diego 1950 Tijuana,
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1946 Miguel Alemn (1946-1952)
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.
Procuradura General de
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, DFS
( ).
de facto
(Operacin Cndor)53, 10.000
Sinaloa, Chihuahua Durango ( 1975
1978), DFS
Sinaloa Guadalajara,
54.
. Rafael Caro Quintero 1980 -
. ,
, 1984.
1985
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. Camarena
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,
.
2000 cartels Jurez (
) Golfo (
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,
1990 1996
10 20 ,
56.
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.
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. ,
Flix Gallardo, ,
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) . ,
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.
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.
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,
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.
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() .
. ,
,
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. ,
.
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,
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