29

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2 / 801. 80

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4. 97

6

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3 113 1. 113

2. 116

3. 129

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5. : 138

4 152 1. : 152

2. 156

3. 177

4. : 195

5 209 1. (FCT) 210

2. (JCJ) 213

7

2

1 : 2211. 221

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223

3. : 228

4. 235

5. 239

2 : 2451. 245

2. 247

3. , 252

4. 257

5. 263

3 : 267 1. ? 267

8

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3. 275

4. 281

4 : 2 87 1. 287

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3. 295

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5 3081. CCJ 309

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*

1.

.

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,

, , (climate)

*

1) H. Newcomb, Television: The Critical View, New York: Oxford Univeristy Press,1976.

10

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.

.

1920 ,

.3) 1960

, , 1980

,

.

.

,

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,

.

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, (charisma)

.

2) M. Hadas, Climates of Criticism, in R. Shayon(ed.), The Eight Art, New York:Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1962, pp.15-23.

3) , : , , : , 2000, 50-93 .

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5) P. Orlik, Electronic Media Criticism: Applied Perspectives, Butterworth-Heinemann,1994.

12

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9) B. Gronbeck,Writing Television Criticism, Chicago: Science Research Associates, 1984.

16

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25

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15)

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28

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.

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. (N. Chomsky)

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(H. Enzensberger)

, ,

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< 1>

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.

, 2001.17) T. Goldstein, Killing the Messenger: 100 Years of Media Criticism, New York:Columbia University Press, 1989.

29

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34

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. 2001, Hans Magnus Enzensberger , 21 , 471-501 .

. 2000, : , , : .

. 2001, 6, 7, , 100

.

. 2001, , , : .

L. Berg & L. Wenner. 1991, Television Criticism: Approaches and Applications, New

York & London: Longman.

J. Fiske. 1987, Television Culture, London: Methuen.

T. Goldstein. 1989, Killing the Messenger: 100 Years of Media Criticism, New York

: Columbia University Press.

B. Gronbeck. 1984, Writing Television Criticism, Chicago: Science Research

Associates.

M. Hadas. 1962, Climates of Criticism in R. Shayon(ed.) The Eight Art, New

York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

H. Newcomb. 1976, Television : The Critical View, New York: Oxford Univeristy

Press.

P. Orlik. 1994, Electronic Media Criticism: Applied Perspectives, Butterworth-

Heinemann.

1 1 2 3 4 5

36

1

*20)

1. :

1980 1995

. 1996 3

(Acrimed), 2004 (Media

Global Watch)

(OFM: Observatoire Franais des

Mdias) .

.

, . 1995

(Pierre Bourdieu)

, ,

.

* 5

38 1

(Jean-Claude

Guillebaud)

1) . 1881

, ,

. ,

, 1881

.

, .2)

.

.

.

. , ,

.

,

.

.

,

.

1) Jean-Claude Guillebaud, Questions sur le journalisme, Le Nouvel Observateur,n2085, Le 21 Octobre 2004, p.74.

2) 3 Christophe Charle, Le sicle de lapresse (1830-1939) , Paris, Seuil, 2004 .

1 39

.

2. 1995 (Acrimed)

1980

, 1995 11-12 .

1968 5

.

1968 5

.

1) 1980

1980

, 3

.

1984

. (Canal+), (La Cinq)

M6 1984 1986 . 1986

(Jacques Chirac)

1 (cohabitation) ,

. 1 TF1

,

(Francis Bouygue) . 10

.

15%

40 1

1984

, 10

30%

.

. 6

.

. 1968 5 , 1954

1958 TV ORTF

,

. 1986 TF1 ,

.

1980

. 4 ,

.

(Silvio

Berlusconi)

TF1

, TF1

. 2 (Antenne 2, FR 3)

, 1990

.3)

, 1988

3) (1981 1995)

Jrme Bourdon, Haute fidelit: pouvoir et tlvision 1935-1994, Paris, Seuil, 1997, 3 .

1 41

. , (Pierre

Bourdieu) (Rgis Debray)

,

TV .4) 1988

TV

,

(PAF: Les pieds dans le Paysage Audiovisuel Franais)

.5)

(Patrick Champagne) 1991 ,

( Faire lopinion ) . 1992

( La misre du monde ) .

1995 11 12

.

2) 1995 11 12

1995 5 ,

(Alain Jupp)

.

. 9

,

4) 1989 4 12 .

5) Les pieds dans le PAF , : , , KBS , 2004 10 , 35-42 .

42 1

, . 10 (SNCF)

,

, , ,

. 11 15 ,

,

. 11 12 , ,

, ,

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(Ipsos) , 60%

5% .

.

,

.

. 12 3 France2 ?(Pourqoui a bloque) 10% . , 1995 11 12

5% .7)

,

.

6) Julien Duval et al., Le des intellectuels franais, Paris, Liber-Raison

d'Agir, 1998, pp.11-23 .

7) Henri Maler, Les mdias face au mouvement social de la fin 1995, Silence, Juin

1996.

1 43

.

, (Alain Duhamel)

, ,

TF1 20 .

.

, , ,

. ,

.

,

.8) 1995 12 30

.

.

?

. (Daniel

Schneidermann)

,

, , ,

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. (expert)

.

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8) 1995 12 14 ; Henri Maler, , 1996

.

9) 1995 12 3-4 .

44 1

.10)

, .

(Serge Halimi) ,

.

. , , ,

,

. -

!

.11)

.

,

. 1995

.

5 6 ,

,

. .

.

, , .

10) Julien Duval et al., op. cit., 1998, pp.73-92 .

11) Serge Halimi, Les nouveaux chiens de garde , Paris, Liber-Raison dAgir, 1997 .

1 45

. 5 6

,

.

. .

, ,

,

.12)

3)

(Acrimed) 1995 11 12

.

. 8 1970

(Henri Maler)

, 1996 3 29 .

3 30 , ,

, 84 .

1995 11 12

, ,

.

,

, ,

12) Jean-Claude Guillebaud, op. cit., 2004.

46 1

,

. , ,

,

.13)

(ACRIMED: ACtion-CRItique-MEDias)

,

, ,

,

.

,

.14)

4)

,

1996 .

,

.

. 10

, 2 .

,

13) Acrimed, Appel pour une action dmocratique sur le terrain des mdias, Le 30

Mars 1996. (http://www.acrimed.org/article41.html)

14) Ibid.

1 47

.

.15)

(1) , ,

1996 ,

.

1996 4 6

10 43 . < 1>

.

,

. 15

0 300 .

2004 2 PLPL(Pour Lire, Pas Lu)

( Petit manuel de l'observateur desmdias ) . 2 24 ,

.

( Le Bulletin dAcrimed )

. ,

.

2001 14 ,

15) , (Henri Maler) , 2004 10 29 .

.

48 1

< 1> 2001 2004

2001 26 (1 ) : / - (Francois-Xavier Verschave,

)

27 (3 ) : , :

- (Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay, ),

(Patrick Champagne, , ) 28 (5 ) : - , (Peter

Watkins)

29 (10 ) : , - (Serge Halimi, ), (Henri Maler, )

30 (12 ) : - (Dominique Marchetti et Denis Ruellan,

)

2002 31 (2 ) : : ? - (Alain Lipietz, ),

32 (5 ) : - (Dominique Vidal, )

33 (6 ) : -

34 (10 ) : - (Christian Pradie, )

35 (11 ) : - - (Denis Sieffert, , ) 36 (12 ) : (Messier) (Lagardre) ,

:

- (Janine Bremond, , )

2003 37 (2 ) : , - , (Aline Pailler, )

38 (5 ) : - (Francois Ruffin, , ),

(Gilles Balbastre, )

39 (6 ) : - (Philippe Arnould, ), (Guy Pineau, )

40 (10 ) : : , -

1 49

2004 41 (1 ) : - (Pascal Fortin, )

42 (4 ) : : - (Pierre Musso, , : ) 43 (10 ) : ? - (Philippe Cohen et Pierre Pan, , ), (Bernard Poulet, , ), (Alain Rollat, )

* : http://www.acrimed.org/rubrique258.html .

. 2003

(Lactualit des mdias ) 3

,

. 32 (2004 10 ) .

5 ,

. < 2> 32

.

(2)

1996

.

, , .

, , , ,

, , TV, , , , .

, ,

.

.16)

16) , (Henri Maler) , 2004 10 29 .

50 1

< 2> 32 (2004 10 1 22 )

I.

2003 : (le Syndicat national de la publicit televise, SNPTV) .

.

: SMSII. Audiovisuel

: TV ADSL : ADSL-TV

: (France Televisions)

BHL : (Bernard Henri-Lvy)

: (Noos) 2003 ( )

: TNT( ) : MEPG-2 / MPEG-4

. .

III.

: (Le Dauphin Libr)

- :

- :

- :

- :

? : (A nous) : , (Editis) : 10 2 IV. :

* : http://www.acrimed.org/article1792.html .

1 51

, 3 5

.

.

.

,

. 2004 7 L.(Marie L.)

17)

,

,

. 8 9 10

.

, , 1995

2003 , 9/11 .

(3)

,

. 1999

(France Culture) .

17) L. 20

.

52 1

. 1999 11 ,

(Radio France) (Jean-Michel Cavada) ,

(Laure Adler)

.

,

. 11 15 1 1,015 , 11 29

2 1,065 , 2000 2 3 586

. 18)

3. OFM

OFM(IObservatoire franais des mdias)

2004 .

OFM

, .

OFM 2004 4

. 6

, 10 25 OFM

2004

.

18) Acrimed, Manifeste pour la defense de France Culture, Novembre 1999,

http://www.acrimed.org/article7.html. .

1 53

1) OFM : ,

OFM 2001

(Porto Alegre) 1 (Forum social mondial;

World Social Forum, WSF) .

, (MWG, Media Watch

Global) . 2002 4 ,

2003 11 12 15

(Forum social europen; Europe Social Forum, ESF)

,

. 2003 9 , MWG

(OFM, lObservatoire franais des mdias)

. 10 15 OFM ,

.19)

OFM

, .

.

, , ,

.

.

19) 2003 3 ( , , )

. 2004

. , ,

2004 10 28 .

54 1

.

.

, ,

.20)

.

,

.

. 2003

(Daniel Schneidermann, ), (Alain Hertoghe,

), (Antoine Peillon, ) ,

.

.

,

. , .

. ,

. 2003

20) OFM, Pourquoi un Observatoire?: Prsentation de lObservatoire franais des

mdias, Avril 2004.

http://www.observatoire-medias.info/article.php3?id_article=19 .

1 55

,

.

,

.

2) OFM

OFM , ,

. OFM

30 .

. (Attac)

( Le Monde Diplomatique)

(Bernard Cassin),

(Ignacio Ramonet) (Serge

Halimi), (SNJ: Syndicat national des journalistes)

CGT , (Pierre Pan)

. 8 (Armand

Mattelart), 1 (Pierre Musso), CNRS

(Dominique Wolton)

.

, (Association Les Amis du

Monde Diplomatique), (Attac) TV

PAF .

OFM

, . 30

56 1

3 .

1 1

.

.21)

3) : , ,

OFM

. OFM

,

.22)

(Drapages), (Alertes) .

2004 4

.

.

(Enqutes) ,

, (Ressources) OFM

( , , )

.

OFM OFM

. 2004 10 25 OFM

,

21) http://www.observatoire-medias.info/article.php3?id_article=85 .

22) http://www.observatoire-medias.info .

1 57

. 1,000

OFM ,

. 2004 11 9

(Philippe Breton) CNRS , (Andr

Vitalis) 3

, 11 20 OFM (Rennes)

.

11 6 OFM .

5 TF1 (Patrick Le Lay)

.

.

. 700 .

.

11 6 14 30 , 1 (place du

Palais-Royal)

700 .

OFM , ( )

(la Coordination des intermittents et prcaires) (Ile de

France) , AG 45 , RAP(

, Rsistance a lAgression Publicitaire), (SNJ),

CGT .

(Noam Chomsky), FAIR(Fairness and

Accuracy in Reporting), , ,

,

(CPBF) . OFM

6 18 OFM

58 1

.

.23)

4)

OFM 2004 6 18

. (Dassault)

70 (Socpresse) .

.

,

, , ,

.

.

. ,

.24)

.

,

.

23) OFM, Appel aux cerveaux NON disponibles: un premier bilan, OFM

(2004 11 9 ).

24) OFM, La concentration dans les mdias en France, Juillet 2004.

1 59

(1)

,

.

5 25 3

. 3

. 2004 3

. TV

PVC ,

25)

. TV 40

HFM ( ) .

TF1-M6 - -

.

TF1 2002 26

, 58% .

32.7% ,

54% . TF1 TPS(

100 ), 10 (LCI, , TPS ),

( , FPF, TF1 ), (TFM : TF1

25) 9 , (Laurent Joffrin)

. TF1

.

.

OFM 3

.

.

?

-PVC 3

.

60 1

), 1 TF1

. TF1

M6 . M6 (Suez) ,

. TF1 M6 2

TPS . M6 2004 1 ,

(Bertelsmann) RTL , TF1-M6

TF1 .

(Canal+)- (Vivendi)-

. 480 100%

. 20

. , .

(CanalSatellite, 200 )

NC (NCNumricable, 800 )

.

. , VOD

(MultiThmatiques)

. TV(Match TV) 10

. 40

.

( ,

, , ) ( , ) .

.

1 61

(2) (mdiacratie) : ,

.

.

1990

,

.

.

,

, , , , ,

.

.

. .

, 15 35%

. 5 ( , , , , )

,

.

.

,

.26)

,

26) 1998 (Gucci)

,

(Bernard Henri-Lvy)

. 2003

TF1 , TF1

(Droit de savoir)

(Saint Tropez)

.

62 1

.

,

.27)

. 5 2 ( , )

.

,

. ,

,

.

(3)

OFM

. OFM ,

.

.28)

27) 2 .

(Robert Hersant) (Marcel Dassault)

1 ,

. (Serge

Dassault) UMP

2 (Valmonde) , 2002

(Olivier Dassault) .

(ISF) .

28) OFM, Les propositions de lOFM,

http://www.observatoire-medias.info/article.php3?id_article=30 .

1 63

,

.

.

,

.

,

. TV

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

, OFM

,

.

.

TV TV(Zala TV)

. OFM

(Socpresse)

,

.

64 1

. 1980 (Radio Libre) 1981

, . 600

, 250 (la Confdration

Nationale des Radio Libre) (WSF)

. ,

.

OFM ,

.

4.

OFM

.

(paranoaque) .

,

. OFM

4 (le qutrime

pouvoir) 5 .

,

.29)

29) 2003 12 9 ; La face cache du

journalisme, Le Nouvel Observateur, n 2034, Le 30 Octobre 2003, pp.12-26;

1 65

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

, .

, : , , , 2004 10 , 35-42 .

Acrimed, Appel pour une action dmocratique sur le terrain des mdias, Le 30

Mars 1996. (http://www.acrimed.org/article41.html)

Bnile, Marie, Mdias franais, une affaire de familles, Le Monde Diplomatique,

Novembre 2003, p. 3.

et : Entretien Jean-Marie

Colombani et Philippe Sollers, LInfini, n 87, t 2004, Paris, Gallimard,

pp.21-39 .

66 1

Bourdon, Jrme, Haute fidelit: pouvoir et tlvision 1935-1994, Paris, Seuil, 1997.

Brandily, Muriel, Le Monde en 1995: au service du peuple?, in Acrimed,

Recto/Verso, n8, Septembre 2004.

Charle, Christophe, Le sicle de la presse (1830-1939), Paris, Seuil, 2004.

Duval, Julien, Christophe Gaubert, Frdric Lebaron, Dominique Marchetti et

Fabienne Pavis, Le des intellectuels franais, Paris,

Liber-Raison dAgir, 1998.

Guillebaud, Jean-Claude, Questions sur le journalisme, Le Nouvel Observateur,

n2085, Le 21 Octobre 2004, p. 74.

Halimi, Serge, Les nouveaux chiens de garde, Paris, Liber-Raison dAgir, 1997.

Maler, Henri, Les mdias face au mouvement social de la fin 1995, Silence, Juin

1996.

------, Dautres mdias pour un autre monde, Intervention au FSM de 2003,

Le 14 Novembre 2003.

------, Face l'ordre mdiatique, Le Monde Diplomatique, Juin 2004, pp.22-23.

OFM(Observatoire Franais des Mdias), Pourquoi un Observatoire?: Prsentation

de lObservatoire franais des mdias, Avril 2004.

(http://www.observatoire-medias.info/article.php3?id_article=19)

------, Appel du 18 juin 2004 de l'Observatoire franais des mdias contre la

concentration et la mainmise financire sur les mdias,

(http://www.observatoire-medias.info/article202.html)

------, La concentration dans les mdias en France, Juillet 2004.

(http://www.observatoire-medias.info/article113.html)

Le Monde, Libration, Le Figaro.

La face cache du journalisme, Le Nouvel Observateur, n2034, Le 30 Octobre

2003, pp. 12-26.

et : Entretien Jean-Marie Colombani

et Philippe Sollers, LInfini, n87, t 2004, Paris, Gallimard, pp.21-39.

1 67

* :

(Henri Maler) ( 8

) ,

. 2004 10 29

.

(Acrimed) ?

1995 ,

1996 .

. (Pierre Bourdieu)

.

. ,

. (carrefour) . ,

, ,

. ,

.

? ,

. ?

.

.

.

.

68 1

.

?

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Service and the BBCs Fair Trading Obligations, The Modern Law Review,

Vol.64, No.5, pp.657-687.

HMSO. 2001, Responses to the Communications White Paper Executive Summary.

IPPR. 2002, Not Reaction but Renewal: Redefining Public Service Broadcasting

for a Competitive Environment, IPPR Public Service Broadcasting Seminar

Series.

McNair, B. 2003, News and Journalism in the UK, 4th ed., London: Routlege.

Murdock, G. 1997, Base Notes: The Conditions of Cultural Practice in Ferguson

M. and Golding P.(eds.), Cultural Studies in Question, London: Sage.

Ofcom. 2004a, Ofcom and Ofcom Consumer Panel Memorandum of

Understanding.

Ofcom. 2004b, How will Ofcom consult? A guide to our consultation process.

The PressWise Trust. 2004, Annual Report & Audited Accounts 2003-2004.

Thomas, A. 1999, Regulation of Broadcasting in the Digital Age, Department

for Culture, Media and Sport; available from

http://www.culturegov.uk/thomasintro.htm

http://www.presswise.org.uk

http://www.mediawatchuk.com

2 103

http://www.uvala.org

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.

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,

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1 ,

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(Michael Beuthner)

, 2000

. 2004 10

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: NDR Zapp

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.

,

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.

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? .

,

.

154 1

, , .

,

.

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78% .

2004 (Pew Research Center) ,

34%, 23%

, 7% .

.

.

,

, ?

(Underwood, 1998) ,

.

(Hickey, 1998) ,

.

.

(Kaplar & Maines, 1995) ,

,

,

.

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4 155

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Allen, 2000)

.

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, ,

.1)

2.

.

,

.

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MRC(Media Research Center, 1987), CMPA(Center for Media and Public Affair,

1986), FAIR(Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting, 1986), IMA(Institute for

Media Analysis, 1986) .

,

.

1)

.

,

.

.

,

. .

5

.

,

.

4 157

1) Accuracy In Media(AIM)

(1)

AIM 1969 (Reed Irvine) .

(communism)

,

AIM .

(Federal Reserve)

(Full Bright)

.

2002 AIM .

(Donald Irvine) .

(2)

AIM .

AIM

,

, (right wingers)

.

.

,

.

,

AIM .

.

, (Rowe, 1993).

158 1

(3) AIM

AIM

, .

,

.

,

, AIM .

1 ,

, ,

,

.

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AIM , ,

(speaker's bureau) . AIM

. 2

.

. AIM

AIM . AIM A4 4 5

, .

AIM

. ,

ABC NBC

4 159

2,000 , FOX

350 ,

.

(5)

1993 AIM 130 .

2 60%,

30%, 10% . 2004

150 , 1993 .

.

AIM , .

(6)

AIM . AIM

(Charton Heston)

. (Thomas H.

Moorer), (National Strategy Information Center)

(William Mott),

(Frederick Seitz) ,

(Council for the Defense of Freedom) (James L. Tyson),

(Arnold Beichman),

(Midge Dector) .

(Jerris Leonard),

(National Assocation of Pro-America) (Joan

Heuter), (Malcolm E. Smith),

(Nancy Morgan), (Trevor

Armbrister) (James Davis) .

160 1

6

, AIM ,

, ,

2 3 .

,

.

(7) AIM

AIM

. (The

Freedom Forum) (Mark Jurkowitz)

AIM .

, AIM

.

,

,

AIM AIM

.

2) (Media Research Center)

1987 5,000 1 ,

( MRC) 60

600

. MRC , MRC

,

4 161

, .

, MRC

.

. MRC

,

.

(1)

MRC (L. Brent

Bozell III) .

.

.

,

. MRC

, MRC .

MRC , (Conservative Victory Committee)

.

. 1992 (Pat

Buchanan) ,

(National Conservative Political Action of Committee)

. (the Council for National

Policy) .

(PTC: Parents Television

Council) .

,

162 1

. 1998 , CNSNews.com

.

. ,

.

(2)

MRC

.

,

.

.

. MRC

. ,

,

.

,

, MRC

.

.

(3)

2003 MRC 600 , 60

4 163

. 2003 8,499,232

600 90% ,

1% .

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.

MRC

( 54 ) , ( 21

) . MRC

. MRC

, ,

.

,

.

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MRC , CNSNews.COM

. PTC MRC , 2003

MRC . PTC

. PTC

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.

MRC

.

MRC

.

. ,

164 1

,

.

.

,

.

MRC (News Tracking System:

NTS) .

.

,

,

.

.

(Free Market Project: FMP)

. MRC

. MRC

.

(Cybercast News Service)

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.

MRC

,

, CNSNews.com .

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4 165

.

(the Dishonor Awards)

. MRC

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5 ,

.

, .

. 2004

ABC .

.

35

,

.

(5)

MRC (National Review publisher)

(William Rusher), (Harold Simmons),

(Burton Pines),

(William F. Buckley) .

(6) MRC

FAIR (Jeff Cohen) MRC

. (Time) (Jack White)

, . MRC

.

MRC . CNN

166 1

(Crossfire) (Robert D. Novak)

MRC (bias) ,

,

. (Fox News

Channel) (Brit Hume)

, MRC

. MRC

, 1997 2001

.

(Newt Gingrich) MRC

,

.

,

, MRC

.

3) Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting(FAIR)

FAIR

. FAIR

8 . AIM

FAIR

,

. FAIR

,

. FAIR

4 167

, FCC

.

(1)

(Jeff Cohen) 1986 FAIR

. FAIR LA ,

(ACLU: American Civil Liberties Union) .

.

, (Public affairs) .

1986 2002 MSNBC

FAIR 2002 5 . FAIR

MSNBC FAIR

. FAIR

.

(2)

FAIR

,

.

.

, .

FAIR .

FAIR .

. , ,

168 1

.

.

.

.

.

. FAIR

. FAIR

AIM

. AIM .

AIM , , ,

. AIM

.

FAIR AIM

. AIM

, FAIR

,

.

AIM FAIR 1

,

.

4 169

(3) FAIR

,

.

. FAIR 1986 .

.

,

.

FAIR

.

.

, ,

.

.

FAIR

.

,

,

FAIR . FAIR

.

,

.

. FAIR

,

.

170 1

(4)

FAIR 80 .

,

.

(5)

FAIR 6 , 3 4

.

. , (Peter Harter)

FAIR (Counterspin) ,

(Janine Jackson) (Jim Naureckas)

.

(6)

, FAIR

. FAIR

,

. FAIR

.

,

.

FAIR Extra! .

1987

.

,

4 171

.

.

FAIR .

(CounterSpin) , (Janine Jackson)

125 (non-commercial stations)

. FAIR MP3

.

,

.

(Ben Bagdikian, ( media monopoly ))

.

FAIR

Action Alerts . 2002 3

,

. FAIR

, (Women's Desk)

(Racism Action Desk) .

,

, .

,

172 1

.

(7) FAIR

FAIR AIM FAIR

. FAIR

1%

. (Mark

Jurkowitz) FAIR AIM MRC

, FAIR

, FAIR

.

DSN(Democracy Soicalist of America) ,

(Barbara

Ehrenreich) FAIR

FAIR

FAIR

.

(Noam Chomsky) FAIR

, FAIR

. (Robert W. McChesney)

FAIR FAIR

. (Jill

Nelson) FAIR

FAIR .

MRC AIM FAIR

FAIR

.

4 173

4) Center for Media and Public Affairs(CMPA)

FAIR, AIM MRC .

FAIR , AIM MRC

. CMPA

. CMPA

. CMPA

, CMPA

.

(content analysis) , CMPA

. . CMPA

.

CMPA ,

.

(1)

CMPA (S. Robert Lichter)

(Linda Lichter)

1986 . 240

,

.

CMPA

. .

2002 ( the Nightly News Nightmare )

. 2001 , 2000 . (the Statisti-

174 1

cal Assessment Service: STATS) ,

,

.

,

. CMPA

.

(2)

CMPA ,

.

CMPA (fairness)

. CMPA

.

CMPA . MRC

, MRC

. CMPA

. CMPA

. .

1960

,

.

4 175

, ,

.

.

,

.

,

. CMPA 1987

,

,

. CMPA

100 300 ,

20 50 .

80%

.

CMPA , .

,

.

. , CMPA

, .

(3)

CMPA (Brookings Institution) (Stephen

Hess), (Roper Public Opinion Research Center)

. 8

176 1

. 40 50

/ ,

.

(4) CPMA

.

.

. ,

. CPMA

. ,

. CPMA

.

(5)

CMPA

. (Media

Monitor) . 2

,

CMPA

.

. 9 10 .

2004 7/8

4 177

,

.

1992 2001 ,

,

. CMPA

.

(6) CMPA

CMPA

. CMPA

,

(Dever Post ) .

(Salon )

, . CMPA

,

.

CMPA

. CMPA

.

3.

,

.

PR ,

178 1

,

.

1) (CCJ),

(PEJ)

D.C

(CCJ: Committe of Concerned Journalists) 1997

.

, PBS

, LA ,

.

(PEJ: Project for Excellence in Journalism) CCJ

.

CCJ PEJ .

. , CCJ

, PEJ

. ,

.

CCJ , , , ,

.

,

4 179

. CCJ

,

. CCJ

.

.

, ,

, , ,

.

CCJ 21

,

.

( The Elements of Journalism ) .

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. PEJ CCJ

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(Nieman Foundation at Harvard) CCJ

, ,

.

.

PEJ

.

PEJ 19

.

,

180 1

,

,

.

. PEJ

. ,

.

,

. , PEJ 21

.

.

.

.

PEJ .

,

(Pew Charity Trustee) .

2) (The Freedom Forum: www.freedomforum.org)

, ,

(non-partisan) .

(Newseum) , ,

.

,

4 181

,

, . USA

Today

,

,

,

.

(1)

1991 (Allen Neuharth) .

(Frank E. Gannett) 1935

.

,

.

.

. 1986 1997

, , 1965

1999 .

USA Today , (Gannett Co.)

.

(2)

, ,

.

,

,

.

,

182 1

.

,

.

(nursing)

.

(3)

2003 , 7 900 , 2002

9.6% . 370 ,

2002 9%, 2001 51% .

3,650 .

6,900 5 8,100

.

.

,

. 1,500 ,

2,200 .

(4)

, ,

. ,

.

.

D.C

4 183

.

.

200

, (NewsCapade)

12 . 5,000

,

,

. ,

,

.

(The First Amendment Center)

1991 1 200

(John Seigenthaler) ,

.

,

. 1

. 1

, , ,

, .

1

, .

1

1

1 . 1

,

184 1

1

.

.

. ,

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.

.

.

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.

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.

,

.

,

.

4 185

,

.

.

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(The Media Foundation)

.

,

,

. ,

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. 2/3 ,

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186 1

.

,

.

(uncommercials) .

.

.

,

.

,

.

(infordiversity) . ,

.

.

.

.

(Buy Nothing Day)

4 187

.

4 .

(pollution of mind) .

, 1

,

.

.

,

,

.

(Buy Nothing Day)

.

,

.

(3)

.

,

.

.

.

188 1

(4)

,

.

.

.

,

.

.

4) (Center for Media & Democracy)

(CMD: Center for Media & Democracy)

, PR

. ,

, PR

.

PR Watch .

12 1995 1997

. Toxic Sludge IsGood for You: Lies, Damn lies and the Public Relations Industry (1995), Mad CowUSA: Could the Nightmare Happen here? (1997) .

(1)

( CMD) 1993 (John Stauber)

. PR

4 189

,

. PR

. 20

.

PR ,

. ,

, PR

.

(2) CMD

CMD PR

. PR ,

.

PR

, PR .

CMD PR .

PR ,

.

(3)

CMD PR Watch

PR

(Spin of the Day)

,

(Disinfopedia) . PR

,

190 1

PR .

PR .

CMD PR Watch

. PR

. PR

PR

.

PR Watch

PR , ,

. PR(Ketchum

PR) PR

. (Sheldon

Rampton) PR Watch .

5) (National Coalition Against Censorship)

(NCAC: the National Coalition Against Censor-

ship) 1974 40 ,

50 . ,

, , , , ,

.

, , ,

. NCAC

, .

(1)

4 191

. ,

. 50

NCAC ,

. NCAC

,

,

. 50

,

.

NCAC 4

. ,

1 , ,

, , ,

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NCAC

.

,

,

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.

192 1

.

NCAC ,

, ,

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.

, ,

.

, , , ,

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.

NCAC ,

. ,

, NCAC

.

(3) NCAC

.

,

.

.

4 193

(4) NCAC

NCAC ,

.

(Judy Blume) NCAC

,

.

(the Boston Coalition for Freedom of Expression) NCAC

1994 ,

,

NCAC .

(Morton Hunt) NCAC

,

NCAC

. (American Family Association) (David

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. (National Council of Social Studies)

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, NCAC

.

6) (Media Watch)

,

, ,

1984 (Ann Simonton) .

194 1

.

1 .

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

. 5%

. .

,

.

.

. 3,307 .

4 195

4. :

.

, , ,

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

1940

.

,

, .

.

(objectivity) (neutrality)

(Rosen, 1996),

. , 19

(sensationalism)

. ,

(Holbert & Zubric, 2000).

,

.

(value) (fact)

196 1

(Schudson, 1990).

,

.

,

, .

.

.

.

(Streckfuss, 1990: 973).

(Scheffler, 1967) .

(impartiality) (detachment) .

, .

.

,

.

, , ,

.

.

,

.

4 197

(Stewart, 1970).

.

(a strategic retiual)

(Tuchman, 1972).

,

.

. (Ognianova and Endersby, 1996)

.

1960 1 1

.

,

. .

.

. (Stoker, 1995)

.

.

.

, ,

, .

.

,

198 1

.

, ,

.

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* : (Donald Irvine) AIM 2)

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