religion and the state in the eu 【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用 cc 「姓名標...
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Religion and the State in the EU
【 本 著 作 除 另 有 註 明 外 ， 採 取 創用 CC
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歐盟法與生命對話 第十二單元
授課教師：貝克定東華大學歷史學系
What do we mean by “religion” in this case?
Public aspects (political and social policies)
Private aspects (personal beliefs)
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Public religion
– in the UK
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In his third effort this week to highlight his own strong faith, the prime minister 首相 ( 戴维 · 卡梅伦 ) said he wanted to see a bigger role for religion in Britain as a Christian country and urged fellow believers to be more confident in spreading their views.The prime minister said he wanted to see a bigger role for religion in Britain as a Christian country and urged fellow believers to be more confident in spreading their views. The Guardian 2014.04.17
The EU
Four representative 代表性 states of the EU
Italy
England
Germany
France
Background of European religion
Two states that influence the EU
Russia
USA
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The EU5
“EU Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief” 2013.06.24
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ICCPR - 1976 Not signed by UN representative Not ratified by state government Ratified but with conditions Not a member of the UN
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“EU Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief”
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16. Freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief applies to all persons equally. It is a universal human right that needs to be protected everywhere and for everyone, regardless of who they are, where they live, and what they believe or do not believe in.
8. The Guidelines explain what the international human rights standards on freedom of religion or belief are, and give clear political lines to officials of EU institutions and EU Member States, to be used in contacts with third countries and with international and civil society organisations. They also provide officials with practical guidance on how to seek to prevent violations of freedom of religion or belief, to analyse cases, and to react effectively to violations wherever they occur, in order to promote and protect freedom of religion or belief in the EU's external action.
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47. EU missions (EU Delegations and Member States Embassies and Consulates) form a key component in early warning. EU missions, in co-ordination with any relevant CSDP missions, will monitor respect for freedom of religion or belief in third countries and will identify and report on situations of concern (including individual cases and systemic issues), drawing on available sources in and outside the country, including civil society, so that the EU can take prompt and appropriate action.
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57. Violations of freedom of religion or belief will be taken into account by the EU when deciding on appropriate measures under human rights clauses in agreements with third countries, including the possible suspension of cooperation, notably as regards financial assistance.
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Has important intentions for human rights
To date has had little noticeable effect anywhere
Criticized because sets stricter standards of religious freedom for states outside the EU than for member states
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“I believe there is a God.” (EU poll, 2005)
Strong: Poland, Portugal, Italy, Ireland Medium: France, England, Scandinavia
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Italy
Christian 77% Not religious or not stated 20% Islam (2%)
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Catholic church the common cultural factor in the Italian Peninsula before unification of Italy in 1866
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Papal States restricted to the territory of the Vatican City 梵蒂岡城市 in Rome, but Church and State developed agreement under
Mussolini 墨索里尼 .
Italy still the ‘headquarters’ for the Catholic Church
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Remains at the center of Italian cultural life
Marriages Funerals Relationship to personal faith
questionable
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Church Tax About 0.8% of income Paid to certain Catholic, Protestant,
Orthodox, Jewish, Hindu, or Buddhist church organizations
Or to government charity
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England
Christian 60% Not religious or not stated 32% Islam 5.0% Hindu 1.5%
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Church of England – historical Greater distance from Rome 14th c. movement to reform Catholic Church to make it
accessible to common people 1538 Church of England separated from Roman Catholic
Church Changes back and forth and great persecutions over the
next 200 years Beliefs and rituals similar to Catholicism Movement of Anglican priests to Catholicism in 20th c.
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Church was the beginning of education Parish schools Universities (until 19th c.) Records of births, marriages, deaths Remained in control after separation from Rome
-Until the mid-19th c, you needed to be a member of the C of E to teach at Ox-Bridge
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Church of England – today
Queen (or king) remains the head of the Church
Creates difficulty for a divorced man to become king
Retains 26 bishops in House of Lords
Part of the “cultural landscape”
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Westminster Abbey 西敏寺 Built 1250-1500 Coronation / burial place of English / British
kings Graves or memorials to authors, artists,
scientists, nobility, etc.
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St Paul’s Cathedral 聖保羅座堂 Built 1710 following Great Fire of London
Survived bombing in WWII
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The Church as State Theater
Royal weddings
Coronations 加冕禮
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David Cameron: Happy Vaisakhi Day to Sikhs 錫克教徒26
"I want to send my best wishes to everyone celebrating Vaisakhi this year. This is a hugely important time for Sikhs across Britain and around the world, for them to come together with friends and family to celebrate the birth of the faith.160 years ago, the first Sikh arrived in Britain. Since then, Sikhs have more than made their mark here -- in business, in public services, in sport, culture, charity and beyond. Vaisakhi gives us a chance to celebrate that immense contribution and to share the success stories of British Sikhs.”
Ireland 90% of primary schools 小學 run by Catholic
Church Religion integrated into all classes
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Germany
Christian 50% Not religious or not stated 44% Other 3% Islam 2% Attend church more than once a year (1998) Western Germany 41% Eastern Germany 12%
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ipsos_mori_briefing_pack
Recent News 29
In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel surprised many with her declaration of her private faith. A Lutheran minister's daughter who grew up under communism, she said in November 2012: "I am a member of the evangelical church. I believe in God and religion is also my constant companion." The Economist 22.04.2014
Holy Roman Empire 聖羅馬帝國 Many small states that elected
an emperor with little real power Emperor originally crowned by
the Pope
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Reformation Began even before Luther in Eastern
Europe Lack of strong central authority
permitted Reformation to spread more quickly
After Luther some states in the Holy Roman Empire (especially the south) remained Catholic
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30 Years War 1616-1648 Began as religious conflict – more than 200
states in the HRE could choose their religion Led to dynastic conflict between Bourbons
(France) and Hapsburgs (Spain and HRE)
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Church Tax (unless you officially leave your church)
About 8-9% of an individual’s total tax About 70% of Church revenues
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Dresden Frauenkirche 德勒斯登聖母教堂 Built as Protestant church, 1740 Destroyed in WWII Rebuilt 2000 with funds from the Dresden Bank
and private individuals
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France
Christianity (45%) No religion or not stated 45% Other religions (6%) Islam (3%)
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Laïcité Secularization of the government Separation of Church and State Concealing State intervention in religion Concept begun during French Revolution –
religion outlawed, churches put to other uses, priests returned to secular life
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2004 – law forbidding students (or teachers) from wearing a symbol of their religious affiliation.
Neutrally worded, but understood as restriction on Muslim girls wearing headscarves.
Government employees also may not wear religious headgear
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Paris Panthéon 先賢祠 Begun as a church, 1750 After French Revolution, changed to burial
place for French philosophers (Voltaire), authors (Hugo), scientists (Curie), artists
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The international context for religion and the state in the EU
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Russia
Repression of the Orthodox Church during the Soviet Union
Strong state support of the Orthodox Church under Putin
Strong support for Putin, especially from the Russian Patriarch 總教主
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Who took Patriarch Kirill’s $30,000 watch?
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“The church apologized for the deception on Thursday and restored the original photo to the site, but not before Patriarch Kirill weighed in, insisting in an interview with a Russian journalist - that he had never worn the watch, and that any photos showing him wearing it must have been doctored to put the watch on his wrist.”
Religion and the government in Eastern Europe
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Orthodox Easter 復活節 messages from patriarchs 大公宗主教 in Kiev 基輔 and Moscow:
The head of Ukraine's Orthodox Church Patriarch Filaret accused Russia of "aggression" and "evil".Russian Church Patriarch Kirill asked God to end "the designs of those who want to destroy Holy Russia".
America Separation of Church and State is
one of the founding principles of the USA
Since the initial separation, Christianity has had increasing influence on US politics, especially since the 1950’s
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Swearing oath of office Swearing to tell the truth in court
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C Street Center, Washington DC Residence for conservative Senators and
Representatives
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Creationism
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5th Grade Textbook for Louisiana state schools
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Americans’ understanding of Christianity49
12% believe Joan of Arc 聖女貞德 was Noah’s 諾亞 wife. (Joan of Ark 挪亞方舟 ) 40 % can name more than four of the Ten Commandments 十誡 .
50% know any of the four authors of the Gospels 福音 .
75% believe the Bible teaches that, "God helps those who help themselves." (Ben Franklin, not the Bible)
Source: Harpers, August 2005
Strong interaction between Religion and the state in other areas of the world
Israel and Palestine (Zionists vs. Palestinians) Middle East (local Islamic peoples vs. Western) India (Hindu nationalists vs. Christians and
Moslems)
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Israel51
Binyamin Netanyahu 納 坦 雅 胡 will push ahead with a rare change to Israel's basic laws (which amount to the country's constitution) to insist Israel is "the nation state of one people only – the Jewish people – and of no other people". The Guardian 2014.05.04
The End
Questions? Comments? What do you think about this? What effect does religion have on government
in Taiwan?
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版權聲明53
頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
3 In his third effort this week to …
The guardian / David Cameron: I am evangelical about Christian faith, Rowena Masonhttp://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/16/david-cameron-evangelical-about-christian-faith依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/06/25 。
3 You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameronhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5bVh97sCOk依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/08/21 。
6 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mpd01605/6755068753/in/photostream/; Author: MPD01605http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:European_flag_in_Karlskrona_2011.jpg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」2.0版授權釋出。
7 Free Speech Debate / Article 19: freedom of expression anchored in international lawhttp://freespeechdebate.com/en/discuss/article-19-freedom-of-expression-anchored-in-international-law/依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
7 Europa Augsburg / Europakartehttp://www.europa.augsburg.de/index.php?id=21262依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/4 。
13 Wikimedia commons / Europe belief in god, Veikk0.mahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_belief_in_god.png本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
15 Wikimedia commons / Italian-unification, Artemkahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Italian-unification.gif本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
16 Wikimedia commons / Vatican City at Large, Sébastien Bertrandhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_City_at_Large.jpg?uselang=zh-tw本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
16 Wikimedia commons / StPetersBasilicaEarlyMorning, Tilleahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:StPetersBasilicaEarlyMorning.jpg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
16 Wikimedia commons / Vatican City map EN, Thoroehttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vatican_City_map_EN.png本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
22 Wikimedia commons / Source: Picture taken and postprocessed by Hans Musil.; Author: Hans Musilhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。
23 Wikimedia commons / Westminster-Abbey, Σπάρτακοςhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Westminster-Abbey.JPG本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
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頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
24 Wikimedia commons / St Pauls Cathedral in 1896, Unknownhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Pauls_Cathedral_in_1896.JPG本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
24 Wikimedia commons / St pauls altar, Donelsonhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_pauls_altar.jpg本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
25 地球圖輯隊 / Royal Wedding, Dave Thompson http://world.yam.com/post.php?id=63依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
25 Wikimedia commons / Source: Transferred from el.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Badseed using CommonsHelper; Author: Jules Eugène Lenepveu (1819-1898). Original uploader was Leopoldos at el.Wikipediahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charles-vii-courronement-_Panth%C3%A9on_III.jpg本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。
26 I want to send my best wishes to everyone …
You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameronhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkWmuAknHZI依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。
26 You Tube / Happy Easter: Message from David Cameronhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkWmuAknHZI依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。
32 Wikimedia commons / Map Thirty Years War-en, Historicairhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
版權聲明55
頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
33 Mygermanexpert / Unknownhttp://blog.mygermanexpert.com/2013/06/10-Facts-about-German-Church-Tax.html依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
34 Wikimedia commons / Canaletto (I) 006, DIRECTMEDIA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canaletto_(I)_006.jpg?uselang=zh-tw本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
38 Wikimedia commons / Pantheon P1190526, David.Monniauxhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantheon_P1190526.jpg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
38 St Laurenceludlow / General Historyhttp://www.stlaurences.org.uk/history-and-virtual-tour/general-history本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/05/12 。
40 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://eng.kremlin.ru/events/chronicle/2007/05/128998.shtml; Author: Kremlin.ruhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_Alexey_and_Laurus.jpg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示－相同方式分享」3.0版授權釋出。
41 The New York Times Company / $30,000 Watch Vanishes Up Church Leader’s Sleevehttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/in-russia-a-watch-vanishes-up-orthodox-leaders-sleeve.html?_r=0依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。
41 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/premier/albums/33221.html#photo=35393; Author: Press service of the government of Russia.http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpeg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示」3.0版授權釋出。
41 “The church apologized for the deception on Thursday and restored …
The New York Times Company / $30,000 Watch Vanishes Up Church Leader’s Sleeve / Michael Schwirtzhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/world/europe/in-russia-a-watch-vanishes-up-orthodox-leaders-sleeve.html?_r=0依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。
版權聲明56
頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
42 Wikimedia commons / Håkan Henriksson (Narking)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Filaret-2008-08-19.jpg本作品以創用CC「姓名標示」3.0版授權釋出。
44 Wikimedia commons / Source: White House (P012113SH-0578). Uploaded by odder. Author: White House/Sonya Heberthttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_second_swearing_in_ceremony_2013-01-21.jpg本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。
45 Wikimedia commons / Source: http://www.whitehouse.gov/; Author: Pete Souza, White House photographerhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_National_Prayer_Breakfast_20090205.jpg本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。
47 flickr / A tour of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY in July 2011. It's science, or something like that, David Berkowitzhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/davidberkowitz/6009861293/本作品以創用CC「姓名標示」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
47 flickr / A tour of the Creation Museum in Petersburg, KY in July 2011. It's science, or something like that, David Berkowitzhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/davidberkowitz/6009861293/本作品以創用CC「姓名標示」臺灣3.0版授權釋出。
47 Wikimedia commons / Source: File:Views on Evolution.jpg; New Scientist Magazine, 19 April 2008, Vol. 198, No.2652, page 31: "Evolution myths: It doesn't matter if people don't grasp evolution“; New Scientist Magazine, 19 August 2006, Vol. 191, No.2565, page 11: "Why doesn't America believe in evolution?“; Author: Pbroks13 (talk)http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Views_on_Evolution.svg本作品屬公共領域之著作。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。
48 Disinfomation / Louisiana Middle School Textbooks On Dinosaurs, Earth, Creationhttp://disinfo.com/2012/11/louisiana-middle-school-textbooks-on-dinosaurs-earth-creation/依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/5/12 。
29 In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel surprised many with her …
Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Limited 2014. / Europe, religion and politics Old world wars Apr 22nd 2014, 17:48 by B.C.http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/04/europe-religion-and-politics依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/08/21 。
42 Orthodox Easter messages from …
BBC / Ukraine unrest: Orthodox Easter messages show dividewww.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27093029依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期 : 2014/6/25 。
版權聲明57
頁碼 作品 版權標示 來源 / 作者
49 12% believe Joan of Arc…
harpers / The Christian paradox - How a faithful nation gets Jesus wrong, Bill McKibbenhttp://harpers.org/archive/2005/08/the-christian-paradox/依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/06/25 。
51 Binyamin Netanyahu will push ahead …
The guardian / Netanyahu pushes to define Israel as nation state of Jewish people only, Peter Beaumont http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/04/binyamin-netanyahu-israel-jewish-state依據著作權法第 46 、 52 、 65 條合理使用。瀏覽日期： 2014/06/25 。
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