الترجمة الآلية الكاملة،ممارسات، تاريخ، المنهجية

25
ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺒــ ﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓـﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ، ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻭﺘﺭ. ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻀﻊ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻵﻟﺔ ﻴﺘـﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻌﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ) ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ.( ﺒﻼﺕ ﻴﻤﻴﺯBlatt ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ) ١٩٨٥:٧٦ ( ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ: ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﻴﻥ، ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺠ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ، ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺔ. ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ، ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ،ﺠﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺱ، ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻭﻭﺴـﺎﺌل ﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ، ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﺤـﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺘﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﻟـﺔ، ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ، ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻨ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻬـﺎ ﺘـﺩﺨل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺍﻟ ﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻵﻟـﺔ، ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﺭ ﻭﺠﻬﺔBlatt ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ، ﻫﻭ ﻜﺄﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل، ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺭﻏﻡ ﻴﻤ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻥ ﺘﻤﺭﻴﺭ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺎ. ﺤﺩﺍﺜـﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺨـﺫ ﺍﻵﻟﻴـﺔ ﺩﺭﺝ ﻜﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫـ ﺍﻟـﺭﺌﻴﺱ، ﺒﻤﻌﻨـﻰ' ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ' ) Lehrberger Bourbeau 1988: 5 ( ﻤﻔ، ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ، ﻭﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺒﻤـﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ، ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻹ ﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻵ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻴﺔ. ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻠ ﺎﻥBalkan ) ١٩٩٢ ( ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤـﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ/ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ، ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺎ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ' ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺅﺩ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ" ﺼﻨ" ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﻱ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﺼل ﺍﺩﺍﺓ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ) " ﺒﻠ ﺎﻥ١٩٩٢ : ٤٠٨ .( ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺨل، ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ' ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ، ﺍﻟ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻌﺭﻴﺽ ﻟﻴﻐﻁﻲ ﻜل ﺃﻨـﻭﺍﻉ ﺃﻨﻅ ﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲﻤﺕ ﺼﻤ ﺨﺼ ﺼﺎ ﻁﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻟﻼﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘـﺭﺠﻡ، ﻋﻤـل ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﺍﺘﻬ ﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ. ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﻅﻤﺔ، ﻻﻓﺘـﺭﺍﺽ ﺘﺼﻤﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﻭﻗﺸﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﺤﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺩﻑ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﺘﻭﻟﻴﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻨﺹ ﺩﻻﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻠﻨﺹ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨـ ﺠـﺯﺀ ﺃﻱ. ﺘﺜﻨﻰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻨﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻘﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ، ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﺩﺩ؛ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠـﺔ ﺒـﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ، ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻵﻟﺔ. ﻭﻴﻔﺘـﺭﺽ ﺍﻵﻟـﺔ ﺘﻘـﺭﺅﻩ ﺸﻜل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻨﺹ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻨﺎ. ﻫﻜـﺫﺍ، ﻓﺎﻟ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ، ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ، ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻨﺹ ﺒﺎﻵﻟﺔ ﻗـﺩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻋﻭﻟﺞ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺩﻑ، ﻟﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟ ﻌﻘﻼﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com

Upload: nkb-larbi

Post on 08-Nov-2015

251 views

Category:

Documents


7 download

DESCRIPTION

الترجمة الآلية الكاملة،ممارسات، تاريخ، المنهجية

TRANSCRIPT

  • . (. ) : ( : ) ttalB

    .

    .

    . ttalB

    . '

    :8891 uaebruoB regrebrheL)' (5

    ( )naklaB . ' /

    " " (.: " )

    '

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . : .

    : . ( )

    / : .

    : ()

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    (. 0991 ztimhcS )

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • )

    (.

    .

    .

    (.2991 ,3891 ,2891 ybleM )

    .

    .

    (. )

    .

    .

    CAPLA )CAPLA . (.8 72 :6691

    )

    (. .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . .

    . " hctaM yzzuF"

    .

    " hctaM yzzuF" . .

    " " "hctaM yzzuF" .

    . ( ADAC) 3991 naeB )

    (.3991 srettaW dna drofnatS

    ybleM nalA (. 3891 ,2891 ybleM )

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    ENIHCAM ;SNOITACILPPA ,NOITALSNART ENIHCAM

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • ,NOITALSNART ENIHCAM ;YROTSIH ,NOITALSNART , YGOLONIMRET ;SKNAB MRET ;YGOLODOHTEM .SNOITACILPPA

    .3991 regaS ;2991 notweN ;4991 .la te rehcsiF

    gnagierF znieH-lraK

    .

    . .

    ( ) .

    .

    . .

    . .

    (. ) ( ) (: 2891 regrebrheL dna egdrettiK .fc)

    . ( 9891 ,7891 xuoidnahC )OETEM

    .

    .

    (0991 iijusT dna senoJ 6891 atimoT dna otiaS ) .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . ( 9791 notsillE) .

    ( )rendieW .

    hsilgnE deifilpmiS AMCEA SWALC ) (5991 AMCEA)

    (. 6991 :9791 noswaL ) .

    . ( .ff18 ( )

    . .

    .

    : (redaeR retcarahC lacitpO)

    ) .

    . () ( .

    . .fc)

    (. 88 :9791 epylS nav .

    ( 751 :2991 yaK dna snihctuH ) yaK nitraM -

    " "

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • )XEDART . . ( 2991 .la te ertiamuA

    .

    .

    .

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    yvoH dna hcruhC) . ( .ff742 :3991

    . .

    / .

    .

    . .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • .

    . .

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    . (7891 ybleM 0891 yaK )

    (. )

    (. )

    " "

    . .

    .

    .

    .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • (. 3991 senoJ dna sremoS )

    .

    (.0991 .la te sremoS )

    .

    .

    .

    .

    .

    ) ( 3991 tetioB

    .

    0991 onatiK ) (. 3991 ustameruK

    .

    .

    ,NOITALSNART ENIHCAM ;NOITALSNART DEDIA-ENIHCAM YGOLODOHTEM ,NOITALSNART ENIHCAM ;YROTSIH

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • notweN ;5891 ,2891 noswaL ;2991 sremoS dna snihctuH ;4991 .la te dlonrA .8891 sollecnocsaV ;9791 llenS ;2991

    sremoS .L dloraH

    iiksnayorT-vonrimS rteP

    . inuorstrA segroeG iiksnayorT

    . revaeW nerraW " "

    . gninruT nalA

    revaeW (. 9491 revaeW )

    revaeW

    . ""

    lelliH-raB auhsoheY

    TIM (TIM) .

    ( MBI) . ytisrevinU nwotegroeG

    " " . TIM evgnY rotciV

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . ytisrevinU uhsuyK

    .

    . .

    .

    " ( " )

    .

    yksmohC maoN .

    .

    . ( CAPLA)

    ( CAPLA)

    .

    ( CAPLA) .

    ( 6991 snihctuH )

    .

    " "

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • ( )CAPLA (: " ) "

    .

    . evgnY lelliH-raB

    " (. 0691 lelliH-raB " )

    CAPLA .

    .

    dranreB . ATEG siouquaV

    .( ) CAPLA

    MUAT OETEM

    NARTSYS amoT reteP

    FASU ) ASAN NARTSYS - (.

    . CEC artoruE .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . " "

    .

    .

    CAPLA .

    ) . (

    .

    . .

    yaK) (. ) ( 3791

    ) (.

    :

    .

    . .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • .

    .

    artoruE .

    .

    . .

    .

    .

    MBI TML LATEM .

    .

    .

    .

    CAPLA . artoruE ( )

    . .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • .

    . .

    : ( ) . ff 72 :3991( )snihctuH '

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

    _ _ -- - .

    --- ......

    CAPLA

    5891 0891 5701 0791 5691 6901 5591 0591 5491

    0991

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . .

    .

    artoruE . CAPLA . IA

    . ' ' ' ' : . : . ) .

    ( .

    ) ( ) (. . .la te nworB

    (. ) .

    . :

    .

    84-1 :9891 oagaN 6991 ,3991 ,8891 ,6891 snihctuH 7891 nnamhcuB .7891 kciwraW 2991 hguP gnimochtrof .la te grubneriN

    SREMOS .L DLORAH.

    . .

    maoN ) (. TIM) (yksmohC

    yksmohC maoN

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . siouquaV dranreB

    86-LOGLA

    . golorP

    . .

    .

    " "

    .

    ( )

    .

    .

    ( ) .

    " arim meubert ym" " ecaep tnaw eW" " dlrow eht dnamed eW"

    . " rion tahc nu " " tac kcalb a"

    " rion tahc sert nu" " tac kcalb yrev a" ".rion sert tahc nu"

    lelliH-raB auhsoheY

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • " nep eht ni saw xob eht" " nep"

    " snep gnitirw" lrig eht was nam ehT" (0691 lelliH-raB " )snepyalp"

    " riah der htiw lrig eht was nam ehT" " epocselet sih htiw .

    " .

    ".

    .

    . (: )

    : )8691( siouquaV

    - - ) . (.

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • .

    laugnilretni .

    . . . laugnilretni

    ) (

    . laugnilsnart

    sremoS snihctuH. ( ff : . ) : (.ff 17 :2991(

    ( ) (: )

    . ( ) )

    (.) ( .

    ( ) (. )

    ' '' ')7591( evgnY ' (: )

    ' '' " ' ' '' ' ' '

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • ( ) . : ()

    .

    S

    = PV = = =

    GV PN

    = V traP = =

    teD N doM xuA =

    no denrut eb dluohs enihcam ehT

    ( ) ( )

    R.R

    .R.T

    .R.C

    1G

    E

    2G

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • - .

    - . .

    .

    : . esuom ecim

    ( )ecim " " .

    . ( 'X)( Y) ( X) : ( ( )'X) ( X)

    (.'Y)

    . .

    .

    )GCD( rammarG esualC etinifeD golorP

    .

    .

    ) .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • . ( .

    TMBK . ( 1991 grubneriN dna namdooG )

    ( ) .

    : ) ( ) . (

    UMC :

    .

    .

    esuerueh xuerueh .

    . yppah

    . ( 4991 attesoR 8891 .la te ellebasI )

    .

    : .

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • .

    .

    .

    . )

    ( 1991 adiI dna atimuS .la te sremoS )

    . ( 4991( 1991 adiI dna atimuS 4891 oagaN )

    . ( 9891 reldaS )

    (. 0991 .la te nworB ( )MBI)

    ) .

    (noitacilppa ne sim detnemelpmi )

    (.

    .

    (. )

    (.2991 IMT )

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP

  • .

    " " .

    ) ) (

    (.

    . .

    : .

    . . grubneriN 2991 sremoS snihctuH

    sremoS dloraH

    moc.yrotcaffdp.www noisrev lairt orP yrotcaFfdp htiw detaerc FDP